Nahj al-balagha is second epistemological source of Islam. This excellent manuscript in addition to ideological function that is concerned with its context, because of rhetoric and aesthetic value has literature function too. This latter trait is because of presence of elements such as usage of additional verbs for creating implications correspondent by situations. This article by title “survey of practical implications of additional verbs (efaal, tafeel and mofaele) in Nahj al-balagha” is a theoretical research with an analytical-descriptive method that surveyed instances of additional verbs by use of verbal sources and interpretations of Nahj al-balagha on practical implications of additional verbs. Researcher by analyzing data concluded: first: additional verbs in Nahj al-balagha have the most implications and efaal and tafeel are used predominantly. Second: practical implications of additional verbs implies capacity of Arabic language in making new words from one source and development of realm of implications. Third, practical implications of additional verbs are accord with conditions and aims of sermons, letters and aphorism

The main goal of this research is to investigate the mood in imperative constructions in Persian. Mood is usually marked on the verbal complex, and languages often have grammatical systems that distinguish different moods. In Persian, subjunctive and imperative constructions are formed by adding the prefix "be-" to the verbal stem. Although the traditional grammarians recognize at least three independent moods, namely indicative, subjunctive, and imperative, the homonymy of the verbal prefix leads to ambiguity and difficulties in determining the number of moods in Persian. Some of the recent studies reject the distinction between the imperative and subjunctive moods in Persian and consider the former a subclass of the latter based on the verbal morphology and overlapping therein. In this paper, by challenging this view, we argue that regardless of distinction between their functions and speech acts, the syntactic behaviors of these two constructions are different. To support this claim, the paper presents arguments based on serial verb constructions (SVCs), coordination, and the distribution of subjunctive and imperative constructions in certain embedded contexts, showing that these two moods are distinct in Persian due to their syntactic behavior and that Persian, like many other languages, has an independent imperative mood.Modality is a semantic concept that describes the speaker's attitude towards the status of a proposition and is related to notions such as necessity and possibility. This concept is usually reflected in sentences in what is known as mood. Mood, tense, and aspect are three categories that are normally marked on the verbal complex. Languages often have grammatical systems that distinguish different moods. Persian, like many other languages, has traditionally been recognized as having at least three distinct moods: declarative, subjunctive, and imperative. The indicative mood lacks any morphological markers, while the subjunctive and imperative moods are marked by the prefix "be-" on the verbal stem. This prefix may be null in most complex predicates.Although traditional grammarians have recognized at least three independent moods in Persian, the homonymy of this verbal prefix, or the overlap in the subjunctive and imperative verbal morphology, leads to ambiguity and difficulties in determining the number of moods in Persian. Some of the recent studies reject the distinction between the imperative and subjunctive moods in Persian and consider the former a subclass of the latter based on the verbal morphology and overlapping therein. In other words, they consider the prefix "be-" a marker of subjunctivity rather than a marker of imperative mood in imperative sentences. In this paper, by challenging this view, we claim that regardless of the distinction between their functions and speech acts, the syntactic behaviors of imperative and subjunctive sentences are completely different.In relation to this debate, previous studies have discussed the semantic and functional properties of subjunctive and imperative moods in different languages. The exact definitions of "subjunctive" have proven to be difficult to make precise, and it is hard to find agreement on this in the literature. According to Siegel (2009) an Bybee et al. (1994), the term "subjunctive" is utilized to designate specific verb forms that are mandatory in particular subordinate clause constructions. Bybee et al. (1994) believe that subjunctives are semantically vacuous elements. Noonan (2007), by focusing on the distinction between indicative and subjunctive moods in complementation, provides a functional approach to subjunctivity. He characterizes the main function of the subjunctive mood as the encoding of some "dependency" within the subordinate clause in which it is used. Therefore, he treats subjunctivity as a marker of dependency. According to Nikolaeva (2016), the imperative mood is prototypically used to convey directive force, and a directive act is an attempt to get the hearer to perform an act. The most prototypical imperative forms express commands, orders, and requests; however, the meaning of imperative is beyond order and command and includes other meanings such as advice, permission, good wishes, instruction, suggestion, etc.Method This study employs an analytical-explanatory method for data analysis. Because the topic is theoretical, the data are primarily gathered from library sources, daily interactions of the authors and speakers, and the authors' linguistic intuition. In the analysis, the paper provides some syntactic arguments based on serial verb constructions (SVCs), coordination, and the distribution of subjunctive and imperative constructions in certain embedded contexts. These data are used to show that the subjunctive and imperative forms in Persian behave differently at the syntactic level and therefore represent two independent moods.Results The focus of this research lies in the investigation of syntactic behavior of the imperative mood. Analyzing some Persian constructions reveals the significant role different moods play in the grammaticality of sentences, such that replacing the subjunctive mood with the imperative mood renders the sentences ungrammatical. Our first argument is based on serial verb constructions (SVCs). Aikhenvald (2006) emphasizes that all verbs within an SVC have the same value for mood, such that using different mood markings is not possible. Persian SVCs show that imperative mood is independent and distinct from subjunctive mood, since a mixture of the imperative and the subjunctive mood within an SVC causes ill-formedness.Another argument is grounded in coordination. In Persian, coordination of clauses with the same mood is acceptable, while constructions with different moods cannot be conjoined. Persian data show that the coordination of the imperative mood and the subjunctive leads to ungrammaticality. This confirms the differentiation between the imperative and the subjunctive moods. Our third observation highlights the interaction between mood and polarity. It is observed that the negative marker on some matrix verbs causes the embedded verb to be in the form of subjunctive, and its replacement with another mood such as indicative or imperative leads to unacceptability. The final argument concerns the distribution of subjunctive and imperative constructions in certain embedded contexts. In Persian, subjunctive clauses appear in sentences embedded under some predicates such as control predicate, causatives, directives, etc.ConclusionBased on the analyses presented, we conclude that the subjunctive and imperative moods in Persian are two distinct and independent moods. Substituting the subjunctive form with the imperative one renders sentences ungrammatical, which clearly demonstrates that the imperative mood cannot be considered a subclass of the subjunctive. Overall, Persian exhibits two separate moods at the syntactic level, each with its own grammatical behavior and distribution.Ethical ConsiderationsNot applicableFundingNot applicableConflict of interestThe authors declare no conflict of interest.

The present paper aims at investigating the imperative paradigm in Kurdish language by drawing on two criteria, namely formal homogeneity and minimality/maximality. The results show that Kurdish language specifies morphological imperative constructions just for second persons; and expressing any commandment directed at non-second persons requires analytical constructions (4 constructions). By scrutinizing the heterogeneous imperative constructions in Kurdish, the paper shows that Kurdish has an imperative paradigm characterized by a minimal system without any maximal counterpart. Also, the canonical imperative construction in Kurdish is specified by some characteristics including temporal distinctions and different prefixes for prohibition and negation. Finally, the paper tries to explain semantic aspects of different imperative constructions in Kurdish by considering two criteria of second person subject and force exertion. The results show that the canonical imperatives include most of the semantic features of the prototypical imperative category; whereas, the non-canonical ones lack most of these semantic aspects.

Rhetoric such as prosody, semantics, etc have important role to form mysticism language. By attention to methods and rules of semantics, is explained effect and importance of sentences in speech. This science divides speech to predicate and request and studies their second meanings. Rhetorical sentence is one of the important elements of effect on mysticism language. Mystics for educating and explaning of their mysticism experiences use rhetorical sentences with their primary and second meanings. Rhetorical sentences in Persian works of Aynolghozat have important role in teaching and explaning of mysticism experiences. Imperative and negative imperative are important topics of rhetorical sentences and deliberates to transferring massage to effectually addressee. In this study it is tried to define and study imperative and negative imperative: their rhetorical specifications and their role on Aynolghoza's texts are investigated.

The compound verb is a very controversial issue in Persian grammar. Grammarians have extensively discussed this topic and have presented different, and sometimes contradictory, opinions. Most of them have been confused in recognizing a compound verb. Many examples considered to be compound verbs are not in fact compound verbs. For example, سوگند (oath) in سوگند خوردن (to take an oath) is an object, as in باز هم همان سوگند را خورد. ترش (sour) in ترش شدن (to become sour) is a subjective complement.

Defamiliarization is one of the methods of highlighting in a literary work, which can be called a departure from the usual and standard language. The use of this scientific-literary method leads to the beauty and dynamics of speech and makes the listener and reader of the text pay special attention to it. On the other hand, the syntactic guarantee is that a verb implies the meaning of another verb using an unusual preposition. A verb has two meanings, that is, the verb has one meaning and its unusual preposition gives another meaning to the verb. This article tries to examine the syntactic guarantees used in the verses of the Qur'an from the perspective of defamiliarization and reveal the extent of the Qur'an's attention to the use of language facilities and methods of beautifying the words of the Qur'an. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and it aims to compare the syntactic Taḍmīn(implication of meaning) used in the Qur'an with the theory of formalists in some verses of the Holy Qur'an. This article examines the effect of syntactic Taḍmīn in understanding the meanings of Quranic words by using literary, syntactic, lexical and commentary books, and expresses the syntactic difficulties of the verses by using the industry of Taḍmīn and its effect in better understanding the meanings of the Qur'an, and tries to investigate the meaning of syntactic Taḍmīn of verbs in Quranic verses.

In the Persian language, there are certain verbs which, unlike the others, lack inflectional paradigms. In other words, at the end of such verbs, only a third person singular ending (-ad for present or zero morpheme for past) occurs. These endings do not function as verbal endings. For this reason, such verbs are called single-ending verbs.In the grammar textbook prepared for high school students of Humanities by Dr. 'A.A sādeqī and G.R. Aržang, these verbs have been examined under the title of ''four-part sentences".The author of the present paper states that although the grammatical points on the single-ending verbs mentioned in the so-called book are of great importance, a careful and comprehensive description has not been presented and the classification is defective.In this paper, these verbs have been precisely illustrated and the defects of the aforesaid classification have been mentioned. Moreover, the way of distinguishing such verbs have been presented as follows: single-ending verbs, in structure, are similar to those sentences in which the isolating ezāfe has been used: علی خوابش می آید (= Ali feels sleepy). To distinguish whether the verb used in this sentence is a single-ending one or not, we should omit the clitic pronoun and replace it by an isolating one (Ali). If after the replacement, the sentence is ungrammatical, the verb is a single-ending onc, otherwise it is not so. As it can be seen, after omitting the clitic pronoun (-aš) and replacing it by the isolating one (Ali), the above sentence will be changed into خواب علی می آید* which is not grammatical. Therefore, the verb used in this sentence is a single-ending one.It seems that single-ending verbs are not usually used in their real meaning( s).The author, after examining contemporary Persian, both written and spoken, distinguishes 13 single-ending verbs: آمدن (= to come), افتادن= to fall), بالا آمدن(= to rise), برداشتن (= to pick up), بردن (= to take), بودن (= to be), درآمدن(= to come out), زدن (= to hit), رفتن (= to go), شدن(= to become), کردن(= to do),کشیدن (= to draw, to drag) and گرفتن (= to get). It should be noted that these verbs are single-ending only in one of their usages. The distinctive feature of these verbs is that they cannot be used with all kinds of nouns, adjectives and pronouns. In other words, they form a closed list with certain nouns, adjectives and pronouns.Finally, the author provides a list of these 13 verbs along with the nouns, adjectives, pronouns and other morphological categories which can be used with them.